Weekly Exercises #4

library(tidyverse)     # for data cleaning and plotting
library(lubridate)     # for date manipulation
library(openintro)     # for the abbr2state() function
library(palmerpenguins)# for Palmer penguin data
library(maps)          # for map data
library(ggmap)         # for mapping points on maps
library(gplots)        # for col2hex() function
library(RColorBrewer)  # for color palettes
library(sf)            # for working with spatial data
library(leaflet)       # for highly customizable mapping
library(carData)       # for Minneapolis police stops data
library(ggthemes)      # for more themes (including theme_map())
theme_set(theme_minimal())

# Starbucks locations
Starbucks <- read_csv("https://www.macalester.edu/~ajohns24/Data/Starbucks.csv")

starbucks_us_by_state <- Starbucks %>% 
  filter(Country == "US") %>% 
  count(`State/Province`) %>% 
  mutate(state_name = str_to_lower(abbr2state(`State/Province`))) 

# Lisa's favorite St. Paul places - example for you to create your own data
favorite_stp_by_lisa <- tibble(
  place = c("Home", "Macalester College", "Adams Spanish Immersion", 
            "Spirit Gymnastics", "Bama & Bapa", "Now Bikes",
            "Dance Spectrum", "Pizza Luce", "Brunson's"),
  long = c(-93.1405743, -93.1712321, -93.1451796, 
           -93.1650563, -93.1542883, -93.1696608, 
           -93.1393172, -93.1524256, -93.0753863),
  lat = c(44.950576, 44.9378965, 44.9237914,
          44.9654609, 44.9295072, 44.9436813, 
          44.9399922, 44.9468848, 44.9700727)
  )

#COVID-19 data from the New York Times
covid19 <- read_csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nytimes/covid-19-data/master/us-states.csv")

Warm-up exercises from tutorial

These exercises will reiterate what you learned in the “Mapping data with R” tutorial. If you haven’t gone through the tutorial yet, you should do that first.

Starbucks locations (ggmap)

1. Add the Starbucks locations to a world map. Add an aesthetic to the world map that sets the color of the points according to the ownership type. What, if anything, can you deduce from this visualization?

It can be deduced that either different types of ownership are only available in certain locations or that different types of ownership are more popular in certain locations. This can be seen from the fact that there are almost no Joint Venture locations in the western hemisphere. The map also displays a lack of Franchise locations which is interesting considering that they are many Franchise locations in the data set.

starbucks_map <- get_stamenmap(
  bbox = c(left = -177.2, bottom = -62.4, right = 207.1, top = 81.1),
  maptype = "terrain",
  zoom = 2
)

ggmap(starbucks_map)+
  geom_point(data = Starbucks,
             aes(x = `Longitude`, y = `Latitude`, color = `Ownership Type`),
             size = 0.3) + 
  theme_map()+
  labs(title = "Starbucks Locations, colored by Ownership Type",
       caption = "Map created by Audrey Smyczek")+
    theme(legend.background = element_blank(),
          plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))

2. Construct a new map of Starbucks locations in the Twin Cities metro area (approximately the 5 county metro area).

tc_starbucks_map <- get_stamenmap(
  bbox = c(left = -93.8800, bottom = 44.6226, right = -92.3832, top = 45.2496),
  maptype = "terrain",
  zoom = 10
)

ggmap(tc_starbucks_map)+
  geom_point(data = Starbucks,
             aes(x = `Longitude`, y = `Latitude`),
             size = 0.6) + 
  theme_map()+  
  labs(title = "Starbucks Locations in the Twin Cities",
       caption = "Map created by Audrey Smyczek")+
    theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))

3. In the Twin Cities plot, play with the zoom number. What does it do? (just describe what it does - don’t actually include more than one map).

I cannot chose a zoom number larger than 10 because it gives me an error saying that tiles are needed and it says to pick a different zoom. The original zoom was 10 but as soon as the zoom starts to go down, the amount of detail in the map decreases and the size of the labels increases. The change in the size of the labels on the map and how scaled they are in a great way to check and see if the zoom is good for the size of the map. As the zoom number gets smaller, the amount of detail gets exponentially smaller, this is a great tool that allows the map to change the detail as the size of the map changes but it provides little to no information for those that wanted to see more detail.

small_zoom_tc_map <- get_stamenmap(
  bbox = c(left = -93.8800, bottom = 44.6226, right = -92.3832, top = 45.2496),
  maptype = "terrain",
  zoom = 7
)

ggmap(small_zoom_tc_map)+
    labs(title = "Zoomed Map of Twin Cities Area",
       caption = "Map created by Audrey Smyczek")+
    theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))

4. Try a couple different map types (see get_stamenmap() in help and look at maptype). Include a map with one of the other map types.

tc_map <- get_stamenmap(
  bbox = c(left = -93.8800, bottom = 44.6226, right = -92.3832, top = 45.2496),
  maptype = "watercolor",
  zoom = 10
)

ggmap(tc_map)+
  labs(title = "Map of the Twin Cities Area, using the Watercolor Theme",
       caption = "Map created by Audrey Smyczek")+
  theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))

5. Add a point to the map that indicates Macalester College and label it appropriately. There are many ways you can do think, but I think it’s easiest with the annotate() function (see ggplot2 cheatsheet).

tc_mac_map <- get_stamenmap(
  bbox = c(left = -93.8800, bottom = 44.6226, right = -92.3832, top = 45.2496),
  maptype = "terrain-background",
  zoom = 10
)

ggmap(tc_mac_map)+
  annotate(geom = "point", x = -93.1691, y = 44.9379)+
  annotate(geom = "text", x = -93.1691, y = 44.9579, label = "Macalester College")+
  theme_map()+
  labs(title = "Map of the Twin Cities Area",
       caption = "Map created by Audrey Smyczek")+
  theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))

Choropleth maps with Starbucks data (geom_map())

The example I showed in the tutorial did not account for population of each state in the map. In the code below, a new variable is created, starbucks_per_10000, that gives the number of Starbucks per 10,000 people. It is in the starbucks_with_2018_pop_est dataset.

census_pop_est_2018 <- read_csv("https://www.dropbox.com/s/6txwv3b4ng7pepe/us_census_2018_state_pop_est.csv?dl=1") %>%
  separate(state, into = c("dot","state"), extra = "merge") %>% 
  select(-dot) %>% 
  mutate(state = str_to_lower(state))

starbucks_with_2018_pop_est <-
  starbucks_us_by_state %>% 
  left_join(census_pop_est_2018,
            by = c("state_name" = "state")) %>% 
  mutate(starbucks_per_10000 = (n/est_pop_2018)*10000)

6. dplyr review: Look through the code above and describe what each line of code does.

The first line of code reads in a data set from a dropbox web address. The data set contains the estimated population for each state in the map. It also assigns the data set to the name ‘census_pop_est_2018’. The data set is then separated by state name and the information in the state category gets put into two different variables, ‘dot’ and ‘state’ which holds the split information from the previous state variable. Then the variable dot is dropped using the select because there is a negative in front of the dot. The names of the strings being held by the state variable were all changed to lowercase. This was to make the joining of the other data set later, easier and more efficient.

After the ‘census_pop_est_2018’ was wrangled to completion, a new data set, the ‘starbucks_with_2018_pop_est’ was created from the ‘starbucks_us_by_state’ which was wrangled further. The ‘starbucks_us_by_state’ data set was left_joined with the ‘census_pop_est_2018’ data set, the data sets were joined by the variable ‘state_name’. The ‘census_pop_est_2018’ data set’s state name variable was named ‘state’ so in the ‘by = …’ code, it indicates that the variable name will be ‘state_name’ but the name of the joining variable in another data table was different. The mutate at the end creates the new variable ‘starbucks_per_10000’ which calculates the number of Starbucks locations in that state according to the state’s estimated population.

7. Create a choropleth map that shows the number of Starbucks per 10,000 people on a map of the US. Use a new fill color, add points for all Starbucks in the US (except Hawaii and Alaska), add an informative title for the plot, and include a caption that says who created the plot (you!). Make a conclusion about what you observe.

The states along the West Coast have a higher ratio of Starbucks Locations to people, this could be because the first Starbucks was opened in Washington and so they became more popular along the West Coast. There is also a large ratio of Starbucks locations in Colorado and Arizona which are not directly on the Coast which means there must be a different factor connecting the states, or there are simply more Starbucks in those states.

states_map <- map_data("state")

small_starbucks <- Starbucks %>% 
  filter(`Country` == "US",
         `State/Province` != "AK",
         `State/Province` != "HI") %>% 
  select(`Longitude`, `Latitude`, `Store Name`, "State/Province")
  
starbucks_with_2018_pop_est %>% 
  left_join(small_starbucks,
            by = "State/Province") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(fill = starbucks_per_10000))+
  geom_map(map = states_map,
           aes(map_id = state_name))+
  scale_fill_gradient(low = "orange", high = "blue") +
  geom_jitter(mapping = aes(x = `Longitude`, y = `Latitude`),
             size = 0.3)+
  expand_limits(x = states_map$long, y = states_map$lat)+
  theme_map()+
  labs(title = "Proportion of Starbucks Locations based on 10,000 People",
       caption = "Map created by Audrey Smyczek",
       fill = "Number of \nLocations per \n10,000 People")+
    theme(legend.background = element_blank(),
          plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))

A few of your favorite things (leaflet)

8. In this exercise, you are going to create a single map of some of your favorite places! The end result will be one map that satisfies the criteria below.

audrey_fav_places <-tibble(
  place = c("Art Museum", "Illinois Home", "Hot Shop Glass",
            "Chocolate Factory", "Wisconsin Home", "DC Beach", 
            "Qdoba", "University Lake School", "Breski's",
            "Macalester College"),
  long = c(-87.629798, -87.840625, -87.782852, 
           -88.231481, -88.216903, -87.377049, 
           -88.403708, -88.34204, -88.499266,
           -93.1712321),
  lat = c(41.878114, 42.258634, 42.726131,
          43.011678, 43.054206, 44.83413, 
          43.060842, 43.105008, 43.111673,
          44.9378965),
  top3 = c(FALSE, FALSE, FALSE,
           FALSE, TRUE, FALSE,
           FALSE, TRUE, FALSE,
           TRUE)
  )

pal <- colorFactor(palette = "viridis", 
                    domain = audrey_fav_places$top3)

leaflet(data = audrey_fav_places) %>% 
  addTiles() %>% 
  addCircles(lng = ~long,
             lat = ~lat, 
             label = ~place,
             opacity = 1,
             weight = 10,
             color = ~pal(top3)) %>% 
  addLegend(position = "bottomleft",
            pal = pal,
            values = ~top3) %>% 
  addPolylines(lng = ~long,
               lat = ~lat,
               color = col2hex("maroon"))

Revisiting old datasets

This section will revisit some datasets we have used previously and bring in a mapping component.

Bicycle-Use Patterns

The data come from Washington, DC and cover the last quarter of 2014.

Two data tables are available:

• Trips contains records of individual rentals
• Stations gives the locations of the bike rental stations

Here is the code to read in the data. We do this a little differently than usual, which is why it is included here rather than at the top of this file. To avoid repeatedly re-reading the files, start the data import chunk with {r cache = TRUE} rather than the usual {r}. This code reads in the large dataset right away.

data_site <- 
  "https://www.macalester.edu/~dshuman1/data/112/2014-Q4-Trips-History-Data.rds" 
Trips <- readRDS(gzcon(url(data_site)))
Stations<-read_csv("http://www.macalester.edu/~dshuman1/data/112/DC-Stations.csv")

9. Use the latitude and longitude variables in Stations to make a visualization of the total number of departures from each station in the Trips data. Use either color or size to show the variation in number of departures. This time, plot the points on top of a map. Use any of the mapping tools you’d like.

Small_Trips <- Trips %>% 
  group_by(`sstation`) %>% 
  summarise(num_departures = n()) %>% 
  ungroup()

New_Small_Trips <- Small_Trips %>% 
  left_join(Stations,
            by = c("sstation" = "name")) %>% 
  select(`sstation`, `lat`, `long`, `num_departures`)

pal <- colorNumeric(palette = "viridis", 
                    domain = New_Small_Trips$num_departures)

leaflet(data = New_Small_Trips) %>% 
  addTiles() %>% 
  addCircles(lng = ~long,
             lat = ~lat,
             opacity = 1,
             weight = 10,
             color = ~pal(num_departures)) %>% 
  addLegend(position = "topright",
            pal = pal,
            values = ~num_departures)

10. Only 14.4% of the trips in our data are carried out by casual users. Create a plot that shows which area(s) have stations with a much higher percentage of departures by casual users. What patterns do you notice? Also plot this on top of a map. I think it will be more clear what the patterns are.

The stations that have a lower percentage of casual users tend to be in the inner city. This shows that those in the City probably use the bike system more often which mean they most likely are registered and not a casual user. However there are a few stations near the National Mall which have a higher percentage of casual users, this could be due to tourists who are using the bike system for leisure and most likely do not use the bike system often.

Casual_Trips <- Trips %>% 
  select(`sstation`, `client`) %>% 
  group_by(`sstation`) %>%
  mutate(num_departures = n()) %>% 
  filter(`client` == "Casual") %>% 
  mutate(casual_depart = n(),
         percent_casual_depart = (casual_depart/num_departures)*100) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  distinct() %>% 
  left_join(Stations,
            by = c("sstation" = "name")) %>% 
  select(`sstation`, `lat`, `long`, `percent_casual_depart`)

pal <- colorNumeric(palette = "magma",
                    domain = Casual_Trips$percent_casual_depart)

leaflet(data = Casual_Trips) %>%
  addTiles() %>%
  addCircles(lng = ~long,
             lat = ~lat,
             opacity = 1,
             weight = 10,
             color = ~pal(percent_casual_depart)) %>%
  addLegend(position = "topright",
            pal = pal,
            values = ~percent_casual_depart)

COVID-19 data

The following exercises will use the COVID-19 data from the NYT.

11. Create a map that colors the states by the most recent cumulative number of COVID-19 cases (remember, these data report cumulative numbers so you don’t need to compute that). Describe what you see. What is the problem with this map?

The map shows the states that are colored by the current cumulative number of covid cases. The color scheme of the map could be changed to show the differences in state easier. The problem with the map is that the number of cases is directly correlated to the population of the state, so the map shows the value of each state however the number of cases by state are not scaled by population.

cum_covid <- covid19 %>% 
  group_by(`state`) %>% 
  filter(`cases` == max(cases)) %>% 
  select(`state`, `cases`) %>% 
  mutate(state = str_to_lower(`state`)) %>% 
  distinct() %>% 
  ungroup()

cum_covid %>% 
  ggplot(aes(fill = cases))+
  geom_map(map = states_map,
           aes(map_id = state)) +
  expand_limits(x = states_map$long, y = states_map$lat)+
  theme_map()+
  labs(title = "Cumulative Number of COVID-19 Cases by State",
       caption = "Map created by Audrey Smyczek",
       fill = "Number of Cases")+
  theme(legend.background = element_blank(),
        plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))

12. Now add the population of each state to the dataset and color the states by most recent cumulative cases/10,000 people. See the code for doing this with the Starbucks data. You will need to make some modifications.

cum_covid_with_2018_pop_est <-
  cum_covid %>% 
  left_join(census_pop_est_2018,
            by = "state") %>% 
  group_by(state) %>% 
  mutate(covid_per_10000 = (`cases`/est_pop_2018)*10000)

cum_covid_with_2018_pop_est %>% 
  ggplot(aes(fill = covid_per_10000))+
  geom_map(map = states_map,
           aes(map_id = state)) +
  expand_limits(x = states_map$long, y = states_map$lat)+
  theme_map()+
  labs(title = "Proportion of COVID-19 Cases based on 10,000 People",
       caption = "Map created by Audrey Smyczek",
       fill = "Number of \nCases per \n10,000 People")+
  theme(legend.background = element_blank(),
        plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))

13. CHALLENGE Choose 4 dates spread over the time period of the data and create the same map as in exercise 12 for each of the dates. Display the four graphs together using faceting. What do you notice?

Minneapolis police stops

These exercises use the datasets MplsStops and MplsDemo from the carData library. Search for them in Help to find out more information.

14. Use the MplsStops dataset to find out how many stops there were for each neighborhood and the proportion of stops that were for a suspicious vehicle or person. Sort the results from most to least number of stops. Save this as a dataset called mpls_suspicious and display the table.

mpls_suspicious <- MplsStops %>% 
  select(`neighborhood`, `problem`) %>% 
  group_by(`neighborhood`) %>% 
  mutate(num_stops = n()) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  filter(`problem` == "suspicious") %>% 
  group_by(`problem`, `neighborhood`) %>% 
  mutate(num_sus = n(),
         prop_suspicious = (num_sus/num_stops)*100) %>% 
  ungroup() %>% 
  summarise(`neighborhood`, `prop_suspicious`, `num_stops`) %>% 
  arrange(desc(`num_stops`)) %>% 
  distinct()

mpls_suspicious

15. Use a leaflet map and the MplsStops dataset to display each of the stops on a map as a small point. Color the points differently depending on whether they were for suspicious vehicle/person or a traffic stop (the problem variable). HINTS: use addCircleMarkers, set stroke = FAlSE, use colorFactor() to create a palette.

pal <- colorFactor(palette = "viridis", 
                    domain = MplsStops$problem)

MplsStops %>% 
  leaflet() %>% 
  addTiles() %>% 
  addCircleMarkers(lng = ~long,
                   lat = ~lat,
                   stroke = FALSE,
                   color = ~pal(problem),
                   radius = 2) %>% 
  addLegend(position = "bottomright",
            pal = pal,
            values = ~problem)

16. Save the folder from moodle called Minneapolis_Neighborhoods into your project/repository folder for this assignment. Make sure the folder is called Minneapolis_Neighborhoods. Use the code below to read in the data and make sure to delete the eval=FALSE. Although it looks like it only links to the .sph file, you need the entire folder of files to create the mpls_nbhd data set. These data contain information about the geometries of the Minneapolis neighborhoods. Using the mpls_nbhd dataset as the base file, join the mpls_suspicious and MplsDemo datasets to it by neighborhood (careful, they are named different things in the different files). Call this new dataset mpls_all.

mpls_nbhd <- st_read("Minneapolis_Neighborhoods/Minneapolis_Neighborhoods.shp", quiet = TRUE)

mpls_all <- mpls_nbhd %>% 
  left_join(MplsDemo, 
            by = c("BDNAME" = "neighborhood")) %>% 
  left_join(mpls_suspicious,
            by = c("BDNAME" = "neighborhood"))

mpls_all

17. Use leaflet to create a map from the mpls_all data that colors the neighborhoods by prop_suspicious. Display the neighborhood name as you scroll over it. Describe what you observe in the map.

There is the value NA in the legend and South Uptown is the only neighborhood that is filled with the NA color. There are also sections of neighborhoods that have a higher proportion of suspicious stops than traffic stops, this means that those neighborhoods likely have a more present police force. The lower right quarter of the map shows that there are a higher number of suspicious traffic stops.

pal <- colorNumeric(palette = "magma", 
                    domain = mpls_all$prop_suspicious)

mpls_all %>% 
  leaflet() %>% 
  addTiles() %>% 
  addPolygons(fillColor = ~pal(prop_suspicious),
              fillOpacity = 0.8,
              label = ~BDNAME) %>% 
  addLegend(pal = pal, 
            values = ~prop_suspicious, 
            opacity = 0.8, 
            title = NULL,
            position = "topright") 

18. Use leaflet to create a map of your own choosing. Come up with a question you want to try to answer and use the map to help answer that question. Describe what your map shows.

The map shows the Starbucks Locations across Wisconsin and the place markers are colored by and labeled with the city name that the Starbucks is located in. They are most heavily located around Milwaukee and Madison areas with many other locations scattered throughout the lower half of the state. There is no legend for the map, seeing as it would be difficult to scale however the use of color and labels is more effective.

WI_Starbucks <- Starbucks %>% 
  filter(`Country` == "US", 
         `State/Province` == "WI") %>% 
  select(`Ownership Type`, `Street Address`, `City`, `Longitude`, `Latitude`)

pal <- colorFactor(palette = "plasma", 
                    domain = WI_Starbucks$City)

WI_Starbucks %>% 
  leaflet() %>% 
  addTiles() %>% 
  addCircleMarkers(lng = ~Longitude,
                   lat = ~Latitude,
                   color = ~pal(City),
                   label = ~City,
                   radius = 3)

GitHub link

19. Below, provide a link to your GitHub page with this set of Weekly Exercises. Specifically, if the name of the file is 04_exercises.Rmd, provide a link to the 04_exercises.md file, which is the one that will be most readable on GitHub.

https://github.com/Audrey-Smyczek/Comp112-Exc-4/blob/9c0ef667b6365b57f9131d87596c57cd93b7ea09/04_exercises.md